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the most prominent peak

  • 1 the most prominent peak in a range

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the most prominent peak in a range

  • 2 prominent

    adjective
    1) (conspicuous) auffallend
    2) (foremost) herausragend

    he was prominent in politics — er war ein prominenter Politiker

    3) (projecting) vorspringend; vorstehend [Backenknochen, Brauen]
    * * *
    ['prominənt]
    1) (standing out; projecting: prominent front teeth.) vorstehend
    2) (easily seen: The tower is a prominent landmark.) markant
    3) (famous: a prominent politician.) prominent
    •
    - academic.ru/90505/prominently">prominently
    - prominence
    * * *
    promi·nent
    [ˈprɒmɪnənt, AM ˈprɑ:mə-]
    1. (projecting) vorstehend attr
    \prominent chin vorspringendes Kinn
    \prominent teeth vorstehende Zähne
    2. (conspicuous) auffällig
    to put sth in a \prominent position etw deutlich sichtbar hinstellen
    3. (distinguished) prominent
    ▪ to be \prominent in sth eine herausragende Position in etw dat einnehmen
    a \prominent position eine führende Position
    a \prominent politician ein profilierter Politiker
    * * *
    ['prɒmɪnənt]
    adj
    1) (= jutting out) cheekbones, teeth vorstehend attr; crag vorspringend attr

    to be prominent — vorstehen, vorspringen

    2) (= conspicuous) markings auffällig; feature, characteristic hervorstechend, auffallend; position hervorragend, herausragend, prominent

    put it in a prominent position — stellen Sie es deutlich sichtbar hin

    3) (= leading) role führend; (= large, significant) wichtig
    4) (= well-known) personality, publisher prominent
    * * *
    prominent adj (adv prominently)
    1. vorstehend, -springend:
    prominent cheekbones (teeth) vorstehende Backenknochen (Zähne);
    the most prominent peak der höchste Gipfel
    2. markant, auffallend, in die Augen fallend, hervorstechend (Eigenschaft)
    3. prominent:
    a) führend (Persönlichkeit), hervorragend
    b) berühmt
    * * *
    adjective
    1) (conspicuous) auffallend
    2) (foremost) herausragend
    3) (projecting) vorspringend; vorstehend [Backenknochen, Brauen]
    * * *
    adj.
    markant adj. n.
    Prominente m.

    English-german dictionary > prominent

  • 3 prominent

    [ʹprɒmınənt] a
    1. выступающий, торчащий
    2. выпуклый, рельефный
    3. заметный, бросающийся в глаза, видный

    prominent building - заметное /бросающееся в глаза/ здание

    to hold prominent position - занимать видное положение /видный пост/

    4. известный, выдающийся

    a town's prominent men - известные /видные, заметные/ люди в городе

    our prominent singers - наши известные /выдающиеся/ певцы

    НБАРС > prominent

  • 4 high

    high [haɪ]
    haut ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (d), 1 (f), 1 (g), 1 (m), 1 (o), 1 (p), 2 (a), 2 (b), 3 (a), 3 (b) élevé ⇒ 1 (b)-(e), 1 (k) grand ⇒ 1 (c), 1 (d) noble ⇒ 1 (e) aigu ⇒ 1 (g) excité ⇒ 1 (s) en haut ⇒ 2 (a)
    (a) (tall) haut;
    ∎ how high is that building? quelle est la hauteur de ce bâtiment?;
    ∎ the walls are three metres high les murs ont ou font trois mètres de haut, les murs sont hauts de trois mètres;
    ∎ the building is eight storeys high c'est un immeuble de ou à huit étages;
    ∎ the highest mountain in the country la plus haute montagne du pays;
    ∎ when I was only so high quand je n'étais pas plus grand que ça
    (b) (above ground level → river, tide) haut; (→ altitude, shelf) haut, élevé;
    ∎ built on high ground construit sur un terrain élevé;
    ∎ the sun was high in the sky le soleil était haut
    (c) (above average → number) grand, élevé; (→ speed, value) grand; (→ cost, price, rate) élevé; (→ salary) élevé, gros (grosse); (→ pressure) élevé, haut; (→ polish) brillant;
    ∎ to the highest degree au plus haut degré, à l'extrême;
    ∎ of the highest importance de première importance;
    ∎ to pay a high price payer le prix fort;
    ∎ to fetch a high price se vendre cher;
    ∎ to make a higher bid faire une offre supérieure, surenchérir;
    ∎ highest bidder surenchérisseur(euse) m,f;
    ∎ she suffers from high blood pressure elle a de la tension;
    ∎ also figurative to play for high stakes jouer gros (jeu);
    ∎ built to withstand high temperatures conçu pour résister à des températures élevées;
    ∎ he has a high temperature il a beaucoup de température ou fièvre;
    ∎ areas of high unemployment des régions à fort taux de chômage;
    ∎ ore with a high mineral content minerai m à haute teneur;
    ∎ milk is high in calcium le lait contient beaucoup de calcium;
    ∎ high winds des vents mpl violents, de grands vents mpl;
    ∎ Mathematics the highest common factor le plus grand commun diviseur
    (d) (better than average → quality) grand, haut; (→ standard) haut, élevé; (→ mark, score) élevé, bon; (→ reputation) bon;
    ∎ our chances of success remain high nos chances de succès restent très bonnes;
    ∎ to have a high opinion of sb avoir une bonne ou haute opinion de qn;
    ∎ he has a high opinion of himself il a une haute idée de lui-même;
    ∎ to have a high profile être très en vue;
    ∎ she speaks of you in the highest terms elle dit le plus grand bien de vous;
    ∎ one of the highest honours in the arts l'un des plus grands honneurs dans le monde des arts;
    ∎ Commerce & Finance high value added à haute valeur ajoutée
    (e) (honourable → ideal, thought) noble, élevé; (→ character) noble;
    ∎ a man of high principles un homme qui a des principes (élevés);
    ∎ he took a very high moral tone il prit un ton très moralisateur;
    ∎ she has very high moral standards elle a des principes (de moralité) très élevés
    ∎ a high official un haut fonctionnaire;
    ∎ we have it on the highest authority nous le tenons de la source la plus sûre;
    ∎ to have friends in high places avoir des relations haut placées, avoir le bras long;
    ∎ of high rank de haut rang
    (g) (sound, voice) aigu(uë); Music (note) haut
    ∎ high summer plein été m;
    ∎ it was high summer c'était au cœur de l'été;
    ∎ it's high time we were leaving il est grand temps qu'on parte
    ∎ resentment was high il y avait énormément de ressentiment;
    ∎ moments of high drama des moments mpl extrêmement dramatiques;
    ∎ high adventure grande aventure f;
    ∎ to be high farce tourner à la farce
    (j) British (complexion) rougeaud, rubicond;
    ∎ to have a high colour avoir le visage congestionné
    (k) (elaborate, formal → language, style) élevé, soutenu
    (l) (prominent → cheekbones) saillant
    (m) Cards haut;
    ∎ the highest card la carte maîtresse
    (n) British (meat) avancé, faisandé; (butter, cheese) rance
    (o) (remote) haut
    ∎ a high Tory un tory ultra-conservateur;
    ∎ a high Anglican un(e) anglican(e) de tendance conservatrice
    (s) (excited) excité, énervé; (cheerful) plein d'entrain, enjoué;
    ∎ to be in high spirits être plein d'entrain;
    ∎ our spirits were high nous avions le moral;
    ∎ familiar old-fashioned we had a high old time on s'est amusés comme des fous
    ∎ to be high (drugged) planer; figurative (euphoric) être dans un état d'euphorie□ ;
    ∎ high on cocaine défoncé à la cocaïne;
    ∎ figurative they were high on success ils ne se sentaient plus après ce succès;
    ∎ figurative he gets high on sailing il prend son pied en faisant de la voile;
    ∎ they were (as) high as kites (drunk) ils étaient bien partis; (drugged) ils planaient; (happy) ils avaient la pêche
    (a) (at, to a height) haut, en haut; (at a great altitude) à haute altitude, à une altitude élevée;
    ∎ up high en haut;
    ∎ higher up plus haut;
    ∎ higher and higher de plus en plus haut;
    ∎ he raised both hands high il a levé les deux mains en l'air;
    ∎ the kite flew high up in the sky le cerf-volant est monté très haut dans le ciel;
    ∎ she threw the ball high into the air elle a lancé le ballon très haut;
    ∎ the geese flew high over the fields les oies volaient très haut au-dessus des champs;
    ∎ the shelf was high above her head l'étagère était bien au-dessus de sa tête;
    ∎ he rose high in the company il a accédé aux plus hauts échelons de la société;
    ∎ figurative we looked high and low for him nous l'avons cherché partout;
    ∎ figurative to set one's sights high, to aim high viser haut;
    ∎ figurative they're flying high ils visent haut, ils voient grand;
    ∎ also figurative to hold one's head high porter la tête haute;
    ∎ figurative to leave sb high and dry laisser qn en plan
    ∎ they set the price/standards too high ils ont fixé un prix/niveau trop élevé;
    ∎ I turned the heating up high j'ai mis le chauffage à fond;
    ∎ he rose higher in my esteem il est monté encore plus dans mon estime;
    ∎ salaries can go as high as £50,000 les salaires peuvent monter jusqu'à ou atteindre 50 000 livres;
    ∎ I had to go as high as £50 il a fallu que j'aille ou que je monte jusqu'à 50 livres;
    ∎ the card players played high les joueurs de cartes ont joué gros (jeu);
    ∎ to run high (river) être en crue; (sea) être houleuse ou grosse;
    ∎ feelings were running high les esprits se sont échauffés
    (c) (in tone) haut;
    ∎ I can't sing that high je ne peux pas chanter aussi haut
    ∎ to live high off or on the hog vivre comme un roi ou nabab
    3 noun
    (a) (height) haut m;
    ∎ humorous the decision came from on high la décision fut prononcée en haut lieu
    ∎ to reach a new high atteindre un nouveau record;
    ∎ prices are at an all-time high les prix ont atteint leur maximum;
    ∎ the Stock Market reached a new high la Bourse a atteint un nouveau record ou maximum;
    ∎ the highs and lows (of share prices, career, life) les hauts mpl et les bas mpl
    (c) (setting → on iron, stove)
    ∎ I put the oven on high j'ai mis le four sur très chaud
    (d) Cars (fourth gear) quatrième f; (fifth gear) cinquième f
    (e) Meteorology (anticyclone) anticyclone m
    ∎ she's been on a permanent high since he came back elle voit tout en rose depuis son retour
    ∎ Religion the Most High le Très-Haut
    ►► Religion high altar maître-autel m;
    History High Antiquity Haute Antiquité f;
    American Cars high beam feux mpl de route;
    Swimming high board plongeoir m le plus haut;
    high camp (affectation) affectation f, cabotinage m; (effeminate behaviour) manières fpl efféminées; (style) kitsch m;
    high chair chaise f haute (pour enfants);
    British Religion High Church
    1 noun
    = fraction de l'Église d'Angleterre accordant une grande importance à l'autorité du prêtre, au rituel etc
    (a) = de tendance conservatrice dans l'Église anglicane;
    British Religion High Churchman = membre du mouvement conservateur à l'intérieur de l'Église anglicane;
    high comedy Theatre comédie f au dialogue brillant;
    ∎ figurative the debate ended in scenes of high comedy le débat se termina par des scènes du plus haut comique;
    Military high command haut commandement m;
    Administration high commission haut-commissariat m;
    Administration high commissioner haut-commissaire m;
    Law the High Court (of Justice) ≃ le tribunal de grande instance (principal tribunal civil en Angleterre et au pays de Galles);
    Law High Court judge ≃ juge m du tribunal de grande instance;
    Law the High Court of Judiciary = la plus haute instance de justice en Écosse;
    Military high explosive explosif m puissant;
    high fashion haute couture f;
    high fidelity haute-fidélité f;
    high finance haute finance f;
    familiar high five = tape amicale donnée dans la paume de quelqu'un, bras levé, pour le saluer, le féliciter ou en signe de victoire;
    ∎ they always give each other a high five when they meet ils se tapent dans la main à chaque fois qu'ils se voient;
    Electronics high frequency haute fréquence f;
    high gear Cars (fourth) quatrième f (vitesse f); (fifth) cinquième f (vitesse f);
    ∎ figurative they moved into high gear ils se sont dépêchés;
    High German haut allemand m;
    high heels hauts talons mpl;
    high jump Sport saut m en hauteur;
    ∎ British familiar figurative you're for the high jump when he finds out! qu'est-ce que tu vas prendre quand il l'apprendra!;
    Sport high jumper sauteur(euse) m,f (qui fait du saut en hauteur);
    the high life la grande vie;
    ∎ she has a taste for the high life elle a des goûts de luxe;
    ∎ to lead or to live the high life mener la grande vie;
    Religion high mass, High Mass grand-messe f;
    Computing high memory mémoire f haute;
    Computing high memory area zone f de mémoire haute;
    History the High Middle Ages le Haut Moyen Âge;
    high noon plein midi m;
    ∎ at high noon à midi pile;
    American Transport High Occupancy Vehicle = voiture particulière transportant au moins deux passagers;
    Religion high place haut lieu m;
    high point (major event → of news) événement m le plus marquant; (→ of evening, holiday) point m culminant, grand moment m; (→ of film, novel) point m culminant;
    ∎ the high point of the party le clou de la soirée;
    high priest Religion grand prêtre m;
    ∎ figurative the high priests of fashion les gourous mpl de la mode;
    high priestess Religion grande prêtresse f;
    ∎ figurative the high priestess of rock la grande prêtresse du rock;
    Linguistics high register language langage m élevé ou soutenu;
    Art high relief haut-relief m;
    high rise tour f (immeuble);
    high road (main road) route f principale, grand-route f; figurative (most direct route) bonne voie f;
    ∎ he's on the high road to success il est en bonne voie de réussir;
    ∎ the high road to fame la voie de la gloire;
    American familiar high roller (spendthrift) dépensier(ère)□ mf; (gambler) flambeur(euse) m,f;
    high school School (in UK) = établissement d'enseignement secondaire regroupant collège et lycée; (in US) lycée m;
    ∎ she's still at high school elle est toujours scolarisée ou va toujours au lycée;
    the high seas la haute mer;
    ∎ on the high seas en haute ou pleine mer;
    high season haute ou pleine saison f;
    ∎ during the high season en haute ou pleine saison;
    British Administration High Sheriff = dans les comtés anglais et gallois, représentant officiel du monarque;
    American high sign signe m;
    ∎ to give sb the high sign faire signe à qn;
    high society haute société f, grand monde m;
    high spirits pétulance f, vitalité f, entrain m;
    ∎ to be in high spirits avoir de l'entrain, être plein d'entrain;
    ∎ to put sb in high spirits mettre qn de bonne humeur;
    (a) (major event → of news) événement m le plus marquant; (→ of evening, holiday) point m culminant, grand moment m; (→ of film, novel) point m culminant
    (b) American (place) endroit m intéressant;
    ∎ we hit all the high spots (tourists) nous avons vu toutes les attractions touristiques;
    British the high street (street) la grand-rue, la rue principale; (shops) les commerçants mpl, le commerce;
    ∎ Commerce & Economics the high street has been badly hit by the recession les commerçants ont été durement touchés par la récession;
    British high table (for guests of honour) table f d'honneur; School & University table f des professeurs;
    British high tea = repas léger pris en début de soirée et accompagné de thé;
    high tech (technology) technologie f avancée ou de pointe; (style) hi-tech m inv;
    high tide (of ocean, sea) marée f haute; figurative (of success) point m culminant;
    ∎ at high tide à marée haute;
    Theatre high tragedy grande tragédie f;
    high treason haute trahison f;
    Electricity high voltage haute tension f;
    high water (of ocean, sea) marée f haute; (of river) crue f;
    ∎ the river is at high water le fleuve est en crue;
    high wire corde f raide ou de funambule;
    ∎ to walk the high wire marcher sur la corde raide
    ✾ Film 'High Noon' Zinnemann 'Le Train sifflera trois fois'

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > high

  • 5 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

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